Social Studies

Goals

The primary goal of Cartersville City School’s Social Studies Department is to prepare students to be productive members of their families, communities, and the world.

Grade-Level Expectations/What is my Child Learning?

Kindergarten: Foundations of America

National Holidays and words/phrases related to chronology and time of the events
Customs and celebrations of various American families and communities
The difference between a map and a globe
State their street address, city, state, and country in which they live
Understand good citizenship by knowing how rules are made, why they are made, and why they should be followed
Positive character traits of good citizens: honesty, patriotism, courtesy, respect, pride, and self-control
People earn money by working; some jobs introduced include police officer, fire fighter, soldier, mail carrier, farmer, doctor, teacher
How money is used to purchase goods and services and the difference in types of U.S. currency
How people make choices in what to buy based on wants and needs

Map and Globe Skills

Using a Compass Rose to identify cardinal directions is introduced

Information Processing Skills

Compare similarities and differences
Organize items chronologically
Identify issues/problems and find solutions

First Grade: American Heritage

1st Grade Students learning about landforms

Historical figures and their contributions—Benjamin Franklin, inventor/author/statesman; Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence; Lewis & Clark and Sacagawea, exploration; Theodore Roosevelt, National Parks/environment; George Washington Carver, science; Ruby Bridges, civil rights.
How everyday life of the above historical figures is the same and different from life today
How the above historical figures were influenced by his or her time and place
Identify and locate their city, county, state, country, and continent on a map and globe.
Locate all continents and major oceans on a map and globe
Identify and describe mountains, deserts, valleys, and coasts
Patriotic concepts of brotherhood, liberty, freedom, and pride as seen in the songs My Country Tis of Thee and America the Beautiful
Identify goods that are made and services that are provided
Concept of scarcity
People are producers and consumers
People earn income by working and must make choices about saving and spending

Map and Globe Skills

Use intermediate directions
Use a map to explain impact of geography on world events

Information Processing Skills

Distinguish between fact and opinion
In social studies context, identify main idea, detail, sequence of events, cause and effect
Use primary and secondary sources and know the difference between the two
Interpret timelines, charts, and tables

Second Grade: Georgia, My State

Historical figures and their contributions—James Oglethorpe, Tomochichi, Mary Musgrove, founding of Georgia; Sequoyah, Cherokee alphabet; Jackie Robinson, sportsmanship & civil rights; Martin Luther King, Jr., civil rights; Juliette Gordon Low, Girl Scouts & leadership; Jimmy Carter, leadership & human rights
Creek and Cherokee cultures: tools, clothing, homes, ways of making a living, accomplishments, and how it is different from cultures of Georgia today
Geographic regions of Georgia: Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain, Ridge & Valley, Appalachian Plateau
Major rivers: Savannah, Flint, Chattahoochee
For each above historic figure and the Creek and Cherokee, identify places on a map that were significant to their life and times
How each above historic figure and the Creek and Cherokee adapted to and were influenced by their environments and how the region they lived in affected their lives. How were these regions alike and different from Cartersville?
Regions where Creek and Cherokee lived and how they used their resources
What is a government and why do we need rules and laws?
Identify executive branch members and where they work—US President, Governor, Mayor
How above historic figures and Creek and Cherokee demonstrated citizenship through honesty, dependability, trustworthiness, honor, civility, good sportsmanship, patience, compassion
Scarcity forces people to make choices (opportunity cost)
Goods and services are allocated through: price, majority rule, contests, force, sharing, lottery, authority, first-come-first-served, personal characteristics
Money makes trade easier than barter
Cost and benefit of saving and spending choices

Map and Globe Skills

Use a letter/number grid system to determine location
Natural, cultural, and political features on maps
Use a map key/legend

Information Processing Skills

Identify social studies reference sources for specific purposes
Construct charts and tables
Analyze artifacts

Third Grade: US History-American Indian Cultures through Colonization

Locate regions where American Indians settled in North America and compare & contrast how they used their environments to get food, clothing, and shelter and why some regions lent themselves to permanent shelters and some did not
How American Indians continue to contribute to American life through cultural contributions
Reasons for and obstacles to European exploration of North America
Accomplishments of major European explorers
Cooperation and conflict between American Indians and European explorers
Why the colonies were founded (religious freedom and profit)
Compare & contrast the 3 regions of colonies (New England, Mid-Atlantic, Southern) in terms of education, economy, religion and how physical geography determined economies
How early explorers did or did not adapt to their new physical environments
Describe colonial life from the perspective of: large landowners, farmers, artisans, women, children, indentured servants, slaves, American Indians
On a map, locate the Mississippi, Ohio, Rio Grande, Colorado, Hudson, and St. Lawrence Rivers and the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains
Locate and describe the equator, prime meridian, and lines of latitude and longitude on a globe
Describe the three branches of the national government, the three branches of the state government, and state the responsibility of each
The importance of shared American democratic beliefs and principles—respecting the rights of others, promoting the common good, obeying laws/rules, participating in public (civic) life
Four types of productive resources: Natural, Human, Capital, Entrepreneurship
Governments provide some goods/services such as schools, roads, police/fire, military and pay for them with tax dollars
Consumers and producers and interdependent
Goods and services get allocated in the marketplace by price
Some goods are made locally, some in other parts of the country, and some internationally
Most countries create their own currency (money)
Opportunity cost in relation to choices to spend or save

Map and Globe Skills

Draw conclusions and make generalizations based on information on a map
Use latitude and longitude to determine location

Information Processing Skills

Draw conclusions and make generalizations
Analyze graphs and diagrams
Translate dates into centuries, eras, or ages

Fourth Grade: United States History-Revolution to Reconstruction

· Events that shaped the Revolutionary Movement: French and Indian War, 1765 Stamp Act, “no taxation without representation”, Sons and Daughters of Liberty, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party

· People and groups of American Revolution: King George III, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Benedict Arnold, Patrick Henry, John Adams, Paul Revere, Black regiments

· Major events of American Revolution and factors leading to American victory including Lexington and Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown

· Declaration of Independence: who wrote it, how it was written, why it was necessary, how it was a response to tyranny and abuse of power

· Leaders of the Constitutional Convention: James Madison, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin

· Major issues debated at the Constitutional Convention: weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, Federalism, 3/5^th’s Compromise, and the Great Compromise.

· Causes and events of the War of 1812

· Impact of westward expansion on American Indians: Trail of Tears, Battle of Little Big Horn, forced relocation to reservations

· Territorial Expansion: Louisiana Purchase and Lewis & Clark Expedition, acquisitions of Texas including The Alamo and independence, Oregon and the Oregon Trail, California and the Gold Rush and development of mining towns

· Abolitionists and suffrage movements: Susan B Anthony, Frederick Douglass, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Tubman

· Causes, events, and consequences of the Civil War: Uncle Tom’s Cabin; John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry; states’ rights and slavery causing increased tensions between North and South; major battles/events/campaigns: Fort Sumter, Gettysburg, the Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, the Atlanta Campaign; roles of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis

· Effects of Reconstruction: 13^th, 14^th, 15^th Amendments; Freedman’s Bureau; sharecropping; Jim Crow laws

· Locate: the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Great Plains, the Continental Divide, the Gulf of Mexico, the Mississippi River, and the Great Lakes; New York City, NY; Boston, MA; Philadelphia, PA; Washington, D.C.; Gettysburg, PA; and the Erie Canal.

· How physical systems effect human systems: how American and/or British military used physical geography of Lexington & Concord, Saratoga, and Yorktown to their benefit

· Physical barriers and gateways that hindered and benefitted expansion from 1801 to 1861

· Natural rights in the Declaration of Independence (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness)

· “We the People” as a reflection of consent of the governed and popular sovereignty in the Constitution

· Representative democracy/republic and federalism

· Importance of the freedoms found in the 1^st Amendment

· Checks and balances and separation of powers in relation to the 3 branches of the US government

· Bill of Rights: how it limits powers of the government, reasons it is included in the Constitution

· Opportunity cost of decisions to settle in the west

· How price incentives affect choices regarding what to grow and produce (cotton, tobacco, textiles)

· How specialization improves standards of living (North vs South)

· How voluntary exchange helps buyers and sellers (Gold Rush mining towns)

· How trade promotes economic activity (between Europe and The United States)

· How technological advances such as the cotton gin, steamboat, steam locomotive, and telegraph impacted business productivity as the United States developed

· Elements of a personal budget (income, expenditures, saving)

Map and Globe Skills

· use graphic scales to determine distances on a map

· compare maps of the same place at different points in time and from different perspectives to determine changes, identify trends, and generalize about human activities

· compare maps with data sets (charts, tables, graphs) and /or readings to draw conclusions and make generalizations

Information Processing Skills

· formulate appropriate research questions

· determine adequacy and/or relevancy of information

· check for consistency of information

· interpret political cartoons

Fifth Grade: Industrialization to the Digital Age

5th Grade Students at the Bartow History Museum

· Describe how life changed at the turn on of the century including: role of cattle trails, Black cowboys in Texas, Western Cattle Trail, Chisolm Trail; the Wright Brothers, George Washington Carver, Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Edison; William McKinley and Teddy Roosevlet’s expansion of America’s presence in the world including the Spanish-American War and the Panama Canal; reasons for immigration, where they came from, and where they settled in the US

· United States involvement in WWI including German attacks on US shipping, especially the sinking of the Lusitania, and why that led to the US joining the war; US contributions to WWI and the impact of the Treaty of Versailles 1919

· Cultural developments of 1920’s including Jazz Age (Louis Armstrong), Harlem Renaissance (Langston Hughes), baseball (Babe Ruth), automobile (Henry Ford), transatlantic flight (Charles Lindbergh).

· How the Great Depression and the New Deal affected millions of Americans through the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and Herbert Hoover, FDR, the Dust Bowl, and soup kitchens.

· The main features of the New Deal including the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, & the Tennessee Valley Authority.

· Cultural elements of the 1930’s including Duke Ellington, Margaret Mitchell, and Jesse Owens.

· Explain America’s involvement in WWII including: German aggression in Europe and Japanese in Asia; major events—Pearl Harbor, Iwo Jima, D-Day, VE and VJ Day, & the Holocaust.

· Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki

· Be able to identify FDR, Stalin, Churchill, Hirohito, Truman, Mussolini, and Hitler.

· Change in the role of women and African-Americans during WWII including Rosie the Riveter and the Tuskegee Airmen along with the effects of rationing.

· Eleanor Roosevelt and the formation of the United Nations.

· Explain the origins and consequences of the Cold War including: meaning of “iron curtain”, how the US tried to stop the spread of communism through the Berlin airlift, the Korean War, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization; know who Joseph McCarthy and Nikitia Khrushchev are; the importance of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War

· Importance of key people, events, and developments from 1950-1975 including Jim Crow laws and practices; Civil Rights Movement including Brown v BOE (1954), Montgomery Bus Boycotts, March on Washington, Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Thurgood Marshall, Lydon B Johnson, Cesar Chavez, Rosa Parks, MLK Jr; TV & space exploration.

· Important developments from 1975 to 2001 including the collapse of the Soviet Union and the role of Ronald Reagan; September 11^th and its impact on American life; impact of the personal computer and internet on American life

· Locate: the Chisholm Trail; Pittsburgh, PA; Kitty Hawk, NC; Pearl Harbor, HI; Montgomery, AL.; and Chicago, IL

· Reasons for spatial patterns of economic activities: know where primary agricultural and industrial areas were from the end of the Civil War to 1900 and how population, transportation, and resources influenced them (i.e. Pittsburg); know the same for areas since the turn of the 20^th Century (i.e. Chicago)

· How a citizen’s rights are protected under the Constitution including due process

· Know the Constitution’s amendment process and its purpose

· How voting rights have been protected through the 15th, 19th, 23rd, 24th, and 26th amendments to the Constitution.

· Use the basic economic concepts of trade, opportunity cost, specialization, productivity, and price incentives to illustrate: decisions by individuals in response to rationing during WWII; decisions to participate in cattle trails because of increased beef prices; Henry Ford’s use of the assembly line reduced the price of automobiles; how the Panama Canal increases trade among countries.

· Describe the functions of four major sectors in the U. S. economy: household function in providing resources and consuming goods and services; private business function in producing goods and services; bank function in providing checking accounts, savings accounts, and loans; government function in taxation and providing certain public goods and public services.

· Describe how consumers and producers interact in the U. S. economy including: how competition, markets, and prices influence consumer behavior; how people earn income by selling their labor to businesses; how entrepreneurs take risks to develop new goods and services to start a business.

· Identify the elements of a personal budget (income, expenditures, and saving) and explain why personal spending and saving decisions are important.

Map and Globe Skills, Information Processing Skills

· No new skills are introduced. All previously introduced skills should reach mastery by grade-end.

Sixth Grade: Latin America, the Caribbean and Canada, Europe, and Australia

Locate and identify major countries, cities, rivers, mountains, and landmarks in Europe, Canada, Latin America, and Australia.

Learn how location and climate affect where people live, what jobs they do, and how they trade with others.
Discuss environmental issues (like pollution, deforestation, and water shortages) and how countries are working to solve them.

Learn about different forms of government — like democracies, constitutional monarchies, and authoritarian systems.

Understand how citizens participate in government (voting, freedoms, rights, and responsibilities).
Compare how governments in Europe, Canada, Latin America, and Australia make decisions and share power.

Learn how economic systems (like market, command, and mixed economies) work in different regions.

Understand how trade, currency exchange, and natural resources impact a country’s economy.
Explore how entrepreneurs, labor, and technology influence growth and job opportunities.
Practice economic decision-making — thinking about costs, benefits, and how people meet needs and wants.

Study major historical events that have shaped modern-day Europe, Canada, Latin America, and Australia.

Learn about exploration, colonization, independence movements, and cultural changes across regions.

Understand how history influences current issues, cultures, and relationships among countries.

Seventh Grade: Africa, Southwest Asia (Middle East), Southern and Eastern Asia

Locate and identify major countries, cities, rivers, mountains, and landmarks in Africa, the Middle East, Southern and Eastern Asia.

Learn how location and climate affect where people live, what jobs they do, and how they trade with others.

Discuss environmental issues (like pollution, deforestation, and water shortages) and how countries are working to solve them.

Learn about different forms of government — like democracies, constitutional monarchies, and authoritarian systems.

Understand how citizens participate in government (voting, freedoms, rights, and responsibilities).

Compare how governments in Africa, the Middle East, and Southern and Eastern Asia make decisions and share power.
Learn how economic systems (like market, command, and mixed economies) work in different regions.
Understand how trade, currency exchange, and natural resources impact a country’s economy.
Explore how entrepreneurs, labor, and technology influence growth and job opportunities.

Practice economic decision-making — thinking about costs, benefits, and how people meet needs and wants.

Study major historical events that have shaped modern-day Africa, the Middle East, and Southern and Eastern Asia.

Learn about exploration, colonization, independence movements, and cultural changes across regions.

Understand how history influences current issues, cultures, and relationships among countries.

8th Grade: Georgia Studies

Historical Understandings

Impact of European exploration and settlement on American Indians in Georgia.

-Characteristics of American Indians in Georgia at the time of European contact; includiung culture, food, weapons/tools, and shelter.

-Reasons for European exploration/settlement of North America, focus on the interests of the Spanish and British in the Southeastern area.

-Impact of Spanish contact on American Indians, including the explorations of Hernando DeSoto and establishment of Spanish missions on barrier islands.

Analyze the colonial period of Georgia's history.

-Importance of the Charter of 1732, including the reasons for settlement (philanthropy, economics, and defense).

-Relationship between James Oglethorpe, Tomochichi, and Mary Musgrove in establishing the city of Savannah.

-Role of diverse groups (Jews, Salzburgers, Highland Scots, and Malcontents) in settling Georgia during the Trustee Period.

-Transition of Georgia into a royal colony including land ownership, slavery, alcohol, and government.

-Goods and services produced and traded in colonial Georgia.

Analyze the role of Georgia in the American Revolutionary Era.

-Explain the causes of the American Revolution as they impacted Georgia; include the French and Indian War, Proclamation of 1763, and the Stamp Act.

-Three parts of the Declaration of Independence (preamble, grievances, and declaration), identify the three Georgia signers

-Significance of the Loyalists and Patriots in Georgia's role in the Revolutionary War; include the Battle of Kettle Creek and Siege of Savannah.

-Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and how they led to the writing of a new federal Constitution.

Explain significant factors that affected westward expansion in Georgia between 1789 and 1840.

-Establishment of the University of Georgia; westward movement of Georgia's capitals.

-Impact of land policies pursued by Georgia; including headright system, land lotteries, and the Yazoo Land Fraud.

-How technological developments, including cotton gin and railroads, had an impact on Georgia's growth.

-Role of William McIntosh in the removal of the Muscogee (Creek) from Georgia.

-How key people (John Ross, John Marshall, Andrew Jackson) and events (Dahlonega Gold Rush, Worcester v. Georgia) led to the removal of the Cherokees from Georgia known as the Trail of Tears.

Analyze the impact of the Civil War on Georgia.

-Importance of key issues/events that led to the Civil War; include slavery, states' rights, nullification, Compromise of 1850 and Georgia Platform, Dred Scott case, Abraham Lincoln's election in 1860, and the debate over secession in Georgia.

-Georgia's role in the Civil War; include Union blockade of Georgia's coast, Emancipation Proclamation, Chickamauga, Sherman's Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and Andersonville.

Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia.

-Roles of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments in Reconstruction.

-Key features of the Lincoln, the Johnson, and the Congressional Reconstruction plans.

-Compare/contrast the goals and outcomes of the Freedmen's Bureau and the Ku Klux Klan.

-Reasons for and effects of the removal of African American or Black legislators from the Georgia General Assembly during Reconstruction.

-Examples of goods and services produced during the Reconstruction Era, include sharecropping and tenant farming.

Evaluate key political, social, and economic changes that occurred in Georgia during the New South Era.

-Ways individuals/groups/events attempted to shape the New South; include the Bourbon Triumvirate, Henry Grady, International Cotton Expositions, and Tom Watson and the Populists.

-How rights were denied to African Americans/Blacks through Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson, disenfranchisement, and racial violence, including 1906 Atlanta Race Massacre.

-Roles of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, and Alonzo Herndon in advancement of the rights of African Americans or Blacks in the New South Era.

-Antisemitism and the resistance to racial equality exemplified in the Leo Frank case

Analyze Georgia's participation in important events that occurred from World War I through the Great Depression.

-Georgia's contributions to World War I.

-Economic factors that resulted in the Great Depression. (e.g., boll weevil and drought).

-Eugene Talmadge's opposition to the New Deal Programs.

-President Roosevelt's ties to Georgia, including his visits to Warm Springs and his impact on the state.

-Effects/impact of the New Deal: Civilian Conservation Corps, Agricultural Adjustment Act, Rural Electrification Administration, and Social Security Administration.

Describe the role of Georgia in WWII.

-Describe key events leading up to American involvement in World War II; include the Lend-Lease Act and the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

-Evaluate the purpose and economic impact of the Bell Bomber Plant, military bases, and the Savannah and Brunswick shipyards.

-Explain the economic and military contributions of Richard Russell and Carl Vinson.

Evaluate key post-World War II developments in Georgia.

-Explain how technology transformed agriculture and created a population shift within the state.

-Explain how the development of Atlanta under mayors William B. Hartsfield and Ivan Allen, Jr. impacted the state.

-Describe the relationship between the end of the white primary and the 1946 governor's race.

Evaluate the role of Georgia in the modern civil rights movement.

-Explain Georgia's response to Brown v. Board of Education including the 1956 flag and the Sibley Commission.

-Describe the role of individuals (Martin Luther King, Jr. and John Lewis), groups (SNCC and SCLC) and events (Albany Movement and March on Washington) in the Civil Rights Movement.

-Explain the resistance to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, emphasizing the role of Lester Maddox.

Explain the importance of developments in Georgia since the late 20th century.

-Explain how the continued development of Atlanta under mayors Maynard Jackson and Andrew Young impacted the state.

-Describe the role of Jimmy Carter in Georgia as state senator, governor, president, and past president.

-Evaluate the short-term and long-term impacts of hosting the 1996 Olympics on Georgia's economic and population growth.

-Analyze Georgia's role in the national and global economy of the 21st Century, with regard to tourism, Savannah port expansion, and the film industry.

-Explain the importance of developments in Georgia since the late 20th century.

Geographic Understandings

Describe Georgia's geography and climate.

-Locate Georgia in relation to region, nation, continent, and hemispheres.

-Distinguish among the five geographic regions of Georgia in terms of location, climate, agriculture, and economic contribution.

-Locate key physical features of Georgia and explain their importance; include the Fall Line, Okefenokee Swamp, Appalachian Mountains, Chattahoochee and Savannah Rivers, and barrier islands.

-Analyze the importance of water in Georgia's historical development and economic growth.

Government/Civic Understandings

Describe the foundations of Georgia's government.

-Basic structure of the Georgia state constitution (preamble, bill of rights, articles, and amendments) as well as its relationship to the United States Constitution.

-Explain separation of powers and checks and balances among Georgia's three branches of government.

-Describe the rights and responsibilities of citizens according to the Georgia Constitution.

-Voting qualifications for elections in Georgia.

-Identify wisdom, justice, moderation, and courage as the four principles in the Pledge of Allegiance to the Georgia Flag.

Analyze the role of the legislative branch in Georgia.

-Qualifications for members of the General Assembly and its role as the law-making body of Georgia.

-Purpose of the committee system within the Georgia General Assembly.

-Process for making a law in Georgia.

-How state government is funded and how spending decisions are made.

Analyze the role of the executive branch in Georgia state government.

-Qualifications for the governor and lieutenant governor and their role

-How the executive branch fulfills its role through state agencies

Analyze the role of the judicial branch in Georgia state government.

-Ways that judges are selected in Georgia.

-Dual purpose of the judicial branch: to interpret the laws of Georgia and administer justice in our legal system.

-Differences between criminal law and civil law.

-Steps in the adult criminal justice system beginning with arrest.

Explain how the Georgia court system treats juvenile offenders.

-Difference between delinquent and unruly behavior and the consequences of each.

-Rights of juveniles involved in the juvenile justice system.

-Steps in the juvenile justice system when a juvenile is first taken into custody.

Analyze the role of local governments in the state of Georgia.

-Origins and purposes, of city, county, and special-purpose governments in Georgia.

-How local government is funded and how spending decisions are made.

Economic Understandings

Explain how the four transportation systems (road, air, water, and rail) of Georgia contribute to the development and growth of the state's economy.

-Ways in which the Interstate Highway System, Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, deepwater ports, and railroads interact to support the exchange of goods and services at home and overseas.

-Explain how the four transportation systems provide jobs for Georgians.

Evaluate the influence of Georgia-based businesses on the State's economic growth and development.

-How profit is an incentive for entrepreneurs.

-How entrepreneurs take risks to develop new goods and services to start a business.

-Economic impact of industries in Georgia including agricultural, entertainment, manufacturing, service, and technology.

Explain the principles of effective personal money management.

-Income is the starting point for personal financial management.

-Reasons for and the benefits of a household budget.

-Reasons for and the benefits of savings.

-Uses of debt and associated risks.

High School Courses

World Geography

Physical Geography

Explain why physical characteristics of place such as landforms, bodies of water, climate, and natural resources act as contributing factors to world settlement patterns.

-Climates and locations of major physical features of North America and how these impact settlement patterns including, but not limited to, the Mississippi River System, the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains, and the Canadian Shield.

-Climates and locations of major physical features of Central and South America and how these physical characteristics impact settlement patterns including, but not limited to, the Andes Mountains, Amazon Basin, Atacama Desert, and the Pampas.

-Climates and locations of major physical features of Europe and how these physical characteristics impact settlement patterns including, but not limited to, the Alps, Pyrenees, and Ural Mountains, and the Rhine, Danube, and Seine Rivers.

-Climates and locations of major physical features of Africa. Explain and how these physical characteristics impact settlement patterns including, but not limited to, the Nile River Valley, the Sahara, the Kalahari Desert, the Sahel, and the Congo River Basin.

-Climates and locations of major physical features of Central and Southwest Asia and how these physical characteristics impact settlement patterns including, but not limited to, the Zagros Mountains, Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea.

-Climates and locations of major physical features of South Asia, Southeastern Asia, and Eastern Asia and how these physical characteristics impact settlement patterns including, but not limited to, the Himalayan Mountains and Tibetan Plateau, Gobi Desert, Ganges, Indus, Huang He, and Yangtze Rivers.

-Climates and locations of major physical features of Oceania, including Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica. Explain how these physical characteristics impact settlement patterns including, but not limited to, the Great Dividing Range and Great Victoria Desert.

-Spatial distribution of natural resources, including, but not limited to, fuel and energy, agricultural, and mineral sources. Predict how distribution of natural resources continues to impact global settlement patterns.

Cultural Geography

Evaluate how the physical and human characteristics of places and regions are connected to human identities and cultures.

-Ethnic compositions of various groups has led to diversified cultural landscapes, including architecture, traditions, food, art, and music.

-Language can be central to identity and a unifying or a divisive force (e.g., Bantu, French-Canadians (Quebecois), and Basques.

-Effects of universalizing and ethnic religions on local populations, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism.

-Impact of cultural beliefs on gender roles and perceptions of race and ethnicity from one region to another (e.g., the caste system, apartheid, and legal rights for women).

-Processes of culture diffusion and convergence through differing media norms, transnational corporations, and technological advancements in transportation infrastructure (e.g., Coca-Cola and American fast food restaurants, social media networks, and universalized clothing choices).

Political Geography

Evaluate how cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of the earth's surface.

-Why political boundaries are created and why they change (e.g., nation, state vs. nation-state; political vs. ethnic sovereignty; the unrecognized states of Palestine, Kosovo, and Taiwan).

-How geography (size, shape, and relative location) can be an advantage or disadvantage to participation in global exchange (e.g., Chile, Indonesia, Russia, Canada, South Africa/Lesotho, Turkey, and Switzerland).

-Causes of external and internal conflicts among cultural groups, including ongoing border disputes and separatist movements (e.g., partition of India, post-colonial Africa, and independence movements of the Scots, Kurds, and Basques).

-How political, economic, and social networks and organizations of global power influence places, countries, and regions (e.g., United Nations, USMCA, African Union, the European Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 1961 Antarctica Treaty, Non-Governmental Organizations, and social media).

Population Geography

Assess the characteristics, spatial distribution, and migration of human populations on the earth's surface.

-Demographic patterns of population using graphs, maps, and other models (e.g., Demographic Transition Model, population density maps, and global migration patterns).

-Population issues in reference to pro and anti-natal (birth) policies of different countries and their effects on population characteristics (e.g., China's natalist policy, maternity/paternity leave policies, and child subsidies).

-How push and pull factors contribute to human migration patterns and the impact of migration on the use of resources and provision of services (e.g., guest workers, refugees, and evacuees).

-Response of different groups and governments to migration, including national migration policies and responses by local communities (e.g., quotas, amnesty, resettlement programs, and official language laws).

Environmental Geography

Analyze human interactions with the world's environments.

-How and why agricultural techniques and technology have changed over time (e.g., irrigation, crop rotation, green revolution, and GMO's).

-Impact of water insecurity around the world (e.g., drought, desertification, water rights, and depletion of the Aral Sea).

-Economic, political and environmental impacts associated with industrialization and natural resource management around the world (e.g., fracking, strip mining, building of dams and reservoirs, deforestation, sustainable development, and renewable vs. non renewable resources).

-International and varied local governmental responses to natural disasters in countries around the world (e.g., hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis).

-How global trade systems impact environmental sustainability in importing and exporting countries (e.g., plantation farming in Africa and Central/South America, overfishing of global waterways, and international lumber trade).

Econmic Geography

Examine the spatial distribution of major economic systems and analyze the role geography plays in economic development.

-Levels of economic development of countries in terms of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and key demographic and social indicators (e.g., literacy rate, life expectancy, gender, access to healthcare, and UN Sustainable Development Goals for 2030).

-Relationship between levels of development and economic activity in terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary activities (e.g., resource extraction, manufacturing, and services).

-Factors that influence the location and distribution of economic activities, including factors of site and situation (e.g., river systems, transportation hubs, research triangles, deep seaports).

-Causes and consequences of the worldwide trend towards urbanization in terms of development (e.g., changing employment patterns, urban sprawl, squatter settlements, and gentrification).

-Impact of trade across international borders and its impact on government relationships among countries (e.g., legal trade: USMCA, EU, and OPEC; illegal trade: human trafficking, drug trade, and counterfeiting/black market goods).

World History

Analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of societies in the ancient world from 3500 BCE/BC to 500 BCE/BC.

Mesopotamian and Egyptian societies, include: religion, culture, economics, politics, and technology.
India and China, include: religion, culture, economics, politics, and technology.
Development of monotheism, include: the concepts developed by the ancient Hebrews.
Bantu migration patterns and contribution to settled agriculture.
Rise of the Olmecs.

Identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies to 500 CE/AD.

Development of Indian civilization, include: the rise and fall of the Maurya and Gupta Empires.
Development of Chinese civilization under Zhou, Qin, and Han.
Development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on India, and Confucianism on China.
How geography contributed to the movement of people and ideas, include: Silk Roads and Indian Ocean Trade.

Political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE/BC to 400 CE/AD.

Origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
Ideas and impact of important individuals, include: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, and Augustus Caesar.
Impact of Greek and Roman culture, politics, and technology.
Polytheism in the Greek and Roman world.
Origins and diffusion of Christianity in the Roman world.
Factors that led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

Analyze impact of the Byzantine and Mongol empires.

Relationship between the Roman and Byzantine Empires, include: the importance of Justinian and Empress Theodora.
Impact Byzantium had on Kiev, Moscow, and the Russian Empire.
The Great Schism (East-West Schism) of 1054 CE/AD.
Decline of Byzantium and the impact of the fall of Constantinople in 1453 CE/AD.
Impact of the Mongols on Russia, China, and the Middle East, include: the role of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan in developing the Mongol Empire.

Examine the political, economic, and cultural interactions within the Medieval Mediterranean World between 600 CE/AD and 1300 CE/AD.

Origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic Empire.
Reasons for the split between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.
Economic impact of Muslim trade routes to India, China, Europe and Africa.
Contributions of Islamic scholars in science, math, and geography
Relationship between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Describe the diverse characteristics of early African societies before 1500 CE/AD.

Development and decline of the Sudanic kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhai); include the roles of Sundiata, and the pilgrimage of Mansa Musa to Mecca.
Trading networks and distribution of resources by examining trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, and slaves; include the Swahili trading cities.
Blending of traditional African beliefs with new ideas from Islam and Christianity and their impact on early African societies.

Analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics.

Manorial system and feudal relationships, include: the status of peasants and feudal monarchies and the importance of Charlemagne.
Political impact of Christianity and the role of the church in medieval society.
Increasing trade led to the growth of towns and cities, include: the impact of the Bubonic Plague.
Causes and impact of the Crusades on the Islamic World and Europe.

Diverse characteristics of societies in Central and South America.

Rise and fall of the Mayan, Aztec, and Inca Empires.
Mayan, Aztec, and Incan societies, include: religion, culture, economics, politics, and technology.

Analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation.

Social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence.
Artistic and scientific achievements of the Renaissance.
Main characteristics of humanism.
Importance of Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press.
Impact of the Protestant Reformation, include: the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin.
The English Reformation, include: the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
The Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits.

Analyze the causes and effects of exploration and expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

Roles of explorers and conquistadors.
Global, economic, and cultural impact of the Columbian Exchange.
Role of improved technology in exploration.
Effects of the Transatlantic Slave Trade on Africa and on the colonies in the Americas.

Examine political and social changes in Japan and in China from the fourteenth century CE/AD to mid-nineteenth century CE/AD.

Impact of the Tokugawa Shogunate policies on the social structure of Japan.
Impact of the Qing and Ming Dynasty policies on the social structure of China.

Describe the development and contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires.

Development and geographical extent of the Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires.
Cultural contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires.

Examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans from the sixteenth century CE/AD to the late eighteenth century CE/AD.

Scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European worldview.
Major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau, and their relationship to politics and society.

Analyze the Age of Revolutions.

Absolutism through a comparison of the reigns of Louis XIV and Tsar Peter the Great.
Causes and results of the revolutions in England (1689), United States (1776), France (1789), Haiti (1791), and Latin America (1808-1825).
Napoleon's rise to power, the role of geography in his defeat, and the consequences of France's defeat for Europe.

Describe the impact of industrialization and urbanization.

Process and impact of industrialization in Great Britain, Germany, and Japan.
Political and economic ideas of Adam Smith and Karl Marx.
Social impact of urbanization, include: women and children

Analyze the rise of nationalism and worldwide imperialism.

Rise of the nation state in Germany under Otto von Bismarck and Japan during the Meiji Restoration.
Imperialism in Africa and Asia, include: the influence of geography and natural resources.
Anti-imperial resistance, include: Opium Wars, Boxer Rebellion, and the Indian Revolt of 1857.

Demonstrate an understanding of long-term causes of World War I and its global impact.

Causes of the war, include: nationalism, entangling alliances, militarism, and imperialism.
Conditions on the war front for soldiers, include: new technology and war tactics.
Major decisions made in the Versailles Treaty, include: German reparations and the mandate system that replaced Ottoman control.
Destabilization of Europe in the collapse of the great empires.

Examine the major political and economic factors that shaped world societies between World War I and World War II.

Russian Revolution from the rise of the Bolsheviks under Lenin to Stalin's first Five Year Plan.
Rise of fascism in Europe and Asia by comparing the policies of Benito Mussolini in Italy, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Hirohito in Japan.
Nature of totalitarianism and the police state that existed in the Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy and how they differ from authoritarian governments.
Aggression and conflict leading to World War II in Europe and Asia; include the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, the Spanish Civil War, the Rape of Nanjing in China, and the German violation of the Treaty of Versailles.

Demonstrate an understanding of the global political, economic, and social impact of World War II.

Major conflicts and outcomes, include: North African, Pacific, and European theatres.
Nazi ideology and policies that led to the Holocaust and its consequences.
Impact of the military and diplomatic negotiations between the leaders of Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States.
Post-World War II policies and plans for economic recovery, include: the Marshall Plan for Europe, MacArthur's plan for Japan, and the formation of the United Nations, NATO, and the Warsaw Pact.

Demonstrate an understanding of the global social, economic, and political impact of the Cold War and decolonization from 1945 to 1989.

The arms race, include: development of nuclear weapons, and efforts to limit the spread of nuclear weapons.
Formation of the state of Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
Rise of nationalism and the revolutionary movements in Asia (i.e. India and China) and Africa.
Opposition movements to existing political systems, include: anti-apartheid, Tiananmen Square, and the fall of the Berlin Wall.

Examine change and continuity in the world since the 1960s.

Ethnic conflicts and new nationalisms, include: Pan-Africanism, Pan-Arabism, and the conflicts in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Rwanda.
Reforms of Khrushchev and Gorbachev and the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 that produced independent countries.
Terrorism as a form of warfare in the contemporary world.
Rise of women as major world leaders, include: Golda Meir, Indira Gandhi, and Margaret Thatcher.

Analyze globalization in the contemporary world.

Cultural and intellectual integration of countries into the world economy through the development of television, satellites, and computers.
Gobal economic and political connections; include multinational corporations, the United Nations, OPEC, and the World Trade Organization.
Governments cooperate through treaties and organizations to minimize the negative effects of human actions on the environment.

US History

Compare and contrast the development of English settlement and colonization during the 17th Century.

Mercantilism and trans-Atlantic trade led to the development of colonies.
Development of the Southern Colonies, including but not limited to reasons established, impact of location and place, relations with American Indians, and economic development.
Development of the New England Colonies, including but not limited to reasons established, impact of location and place, relations with American Indians, and economic development.
Development of the Mid-Atlantic Colonies, including but not limited to reasons established, impact of location and place, relations with American Indians, and economic development.

Describe the early English colonial society and investigate the development of its governance.

European cultural diversity including the contributions of different ethnic and religious groups.
The Middle Passage, the growth of the African population and their contributions, including but not limited to architecture, agriculture, and foodways.
Different methods of colonial self-governance in the period of Salutary Neglect
Role of the Great Awakening in creating unity in the colonies and challenging traditional authority.

Analyze the causes of the American Revolution.

How the French and Indian War and the 1763 Treaty of Paris laid the groundwork for the American Revolution.
Colonial response to the Proclamation of 1763, the Stamp Act, and the Intolerable Acts as seen in the Sons and Daughters of Liberty and the Committees of Correspondence.
Importance of Thomas Paine's Common Sense to the movement for independence.

Analyze the ideological, military, social, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution.

Intellectual sources, organization, and argument of the Declaration of Independence including the role of Thomas Jefferson and the Committee of Five.
Reason for and significance of the French alliance and other foreign assistance including the diplomacy of Benjamin Franklin and John Adams.
George Washington as a military leader, including but not limited to the influence of Baron von Steuben, the Marquis de LaFayette, and the significance of Valley Forge in the creation of a professional military.
Role of geography at the Battles of Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown.
Roles of women, American Indians, and enslaved and free Blacks in supporting the war effort.
Significance of the Treaty of Paris, 1783.

Investigate specific events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution.

Strengths of the Articles of Confederation, including but not limited to the Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and their influence on westward migration, slavery, public education, and the addition of new states.
How weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shays' Rebellion led to a call for a stronger central government.
Key features of the Constitution, including the Great Compromise, limited government, and the Three-Fifths Compromise.
Major arguments of the Anti-Federalists and Federalists during the debate on ratification of the Constitution, The Federalist Papers, and the roles of Alexander Hamilton and James Madison
How objections to the ratification of the Constitution were addressed in the Bill of Rights.

Analyze the challenges faced by the first five presidents and how they responded.

Presidency of Washington, including the precedents he set.
Presidency of John Adams including the Sedition Act and its influence on the election of 1800.
Jefferson's expansion of presidential power including the purchase and exploration of the Louisiana Territory.
James Madison's presidency in relation to the War of 1812 and the war's significance in the development of a national identity.
James Monroe's presidency in relation to the Monroe Doctrine.

US Government

Compare and contrast various systems of government.

How governments differ in geographic distribution of power; unitary, confederal, and federal types of government.
Some forms of government differ in their level of citizen participation particularly authoritarian (autocracy and oligarchy) and democratic.
How the role of the executive differs in presidential and parliamentary systems of governments.
Difference in direct democracy, representative democracy, and/or a republic.

Demonstrate knowledge of the political philosophies that shaped the development of United States constitutional government.

Key ideas of limited government and rule of law as seen in the Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights.
Impact of the writings of Hobbes (Leviathan), Locke (Second Treatise on Government), Rousseau (The Social Contract), and Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws) on our concept of government.
Analyze the ways in which the philosophies listed in element 2b influenced the Declaration of Independence.

Demonstrate knowledge of the framing and structure of the United States Constitution.

Debates during the drafting of the Constitution, including the Three-Fifths Compromise, the Great Compromise, and the Commerce Clause.
How the Constitution addresses the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
Fundamental principles of the United States Constitution, including limited government, the rule of law, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and popular sovereignty.
Key ideas in the debate over ratification made by the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.

Demonstrate knowledge of the organization and powers of the national government.

Structure, powers, and limitations of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, as described in the Constitution.
Relationship between the three branches in a system of checks and balances and separation of powers.

Demonstrate knowledge of the federal system of government described in the United States Constitution.

Relationship of state governments to the national government.
Enumerated, implied, concurrent, reserved, and denied powers.
Debate on the balance of power between state and national governments as it relates to current issues.
Supremacy Clause found in Article VI and the role of the U.S. Constitution as the "supreme law of the land."
Roles of Congress and the states in the formal process of amending the Constitution.

Analyze the meaning and importance of each of the rights guaranteed under the Bill of Rights and how each is secured.

Demonstrate knowledge of civil liberties and civil rights.

Civil liberties as protections against government actions (e.g., First Amendment).
Civil rights as equal protections for all people (e.g., Civil Rights Act, Brown v. Board of Education, etc.)
Due process of law as expressed in the 5th and 14th amendments, as understood through the process of incorporation.
How amendments extend the right to vote.

Demonstrate knowledge of the legislative branch of government.

Formal qualifications for representatives and senators listed in the Constitution.
Describe the election process for representatives and senators and how the 17th Amendment impacted the election of senators.
Terms of office for each chamber of Congress and the Founders' intent.
Compare and contrast the powers of each chamber of Congress (e.g., power of the purse, 16th Amendment, treaties, etc.)
Steps in the legislative process.
Functions of various leadership positions and committees within the legislature.
Positive and negative role lobbyists play in the legislative process.

Explain the impeachment and removal process and its use for federal officials as defined in the U.S. Constitution.

Demonstrate knowledge of the executive branch of government.

Formal qualifications listed in the Constitution for President of the United States.
Informal qualifications common to past presidents.
Term of office and describe the line of succession (e.g., 20th, 22nd, and 25th amendments).
Role of the Electoral College in electing the President and the clarification provided in the 12th Amendment.
Roles of the President, including Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, chief executive, chief agenda setter, chief of state, chief diplomat, and party leader.

Explain the functions of the departments and agencies of the federal bureaucracy.

Organization and responsibilities of independent regulatory agencies, government corporations, and executive agencies.
Functions of the President's Cabinet.

Describe the tools used to carry out United States foreign policy, including diplomacy and treaties; economic, military, and humanitarian aid; and sanctions and military intervention.

Demonstrate knowledge of the operation of the judicial branch of government.

Describe the selection and approval process for federal judges.
Explain the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, federal courts and the state courts.
Examine how John Marshall established judicial review through his opinion in Marbury v. Madison and relate its impact.
Describe how the Supreme Court selects and decides cases.
Compare the philosophies of judicial activism and judicial restraint and provide relevant examples (e.g., marriage, 2nd Amendment, death penalty, etc.)

Demonstrate knowledge of the criminal justice process.

Individual's due process rights (e.g., 4th, 5th, 6th, and 14th amendments).
Categorize different types of crimes.
Procedures in the criminal justice process.
Types of sentences a convicted person can receive.
Procedures related to civil suits with criminal proceedings.

Demonstrate knowledge of local, state, and national elections.

Historical development, organization, role, and constituencies of political parties.
Nomination and election process.
Campaign funding and spending and the influence of special interest groups on elections.
How recent policy changes and Supreme Court rulings have impacted the campaign finance process.
Influence of media coverage, campaign advertising, and public opinion polls.

Analyze the difference between involuntary and voluntary participation in civic life.

How and why citizens are required by law to pay taxes, serve on a jury, and register for military duty.
How citizens voluntarily and responsibly participate in the political process by voting, performing public service, being informed about current issues, and respecting differing opinions.
Meaning and history of the Pledge of Allegiance.

Demonstrate knowledge of the organization and powers of state and local government described in the Georgia Constitution.

Structure of local governments with emphasis on counties and cities.
Relationship among state and local governments.
Sources of revenue received by local governments.
Services provided by state and local governments.
Limitations on state and local government that may be exercised by the citizens (e.g., the initiative, referendum, and recall).

Examine how American ideals of freedom and democracy protect against the threats of totalitarian ideology.

Role of government in totalitarian systems (e.g., communism and fascism).
Structures, power-base, and decision-making processes of American democracy to those of totalitarian governments.
Rights and responsibilities of citizens in American democracy vs. those in totalitarian governments.
How the ideals of American democracy conflict with those of totalitarianism.
Causes for the growth and decline of totalitarian forms of government and American policies to resist their spread.

Economics

Fundamentals

Scarcity's affect on choices of individuals, businesses, and governments.
Compare the marginal benefits and the marginal costs of an action.
Economic systems' influence on the choices of individuals, businesses, and governments.
Factors that influence the standard of living of individuals and nations.

Personal Finance

Life decisions using economics-based decision-making skills.
Income is a scarce resource that can be allocated effectively through budgeting.
How the financial system channels funds from savers to investors.
Interest rates affect various consumer decisions.
Changes in taxation can have an impact on an individual’s spending and saving choices.
Costs and benefits of using credit.
Insurance and other risk-management strategies protect against financial loss.
How earnings of workers are determined in the marketplace.
Ways consumers are protected by rules and regulations.
Sources of and protection against identity theft.

Microeconomics

Households and businesses are interdependent and interact through flows of goods, services, resources, and money.
Law of demand, the law of supply, and prices work to determine production and distribution in a market economy.
Organization and role of business and the four types of market structures in the U.S. economy.

International

Benefits of international trade and the role of trade barriers.
Changes in exchange rates can have an impact on groups in the United States and in other countries.

Macroeconomics

Methods by which economic activity is measured.
Role and functions of the Federal Reserve System.
How the government uses fiscal policy and its effects on national debt.

Current Issues

Introduction

Major topics of current social, economic or political interest.
Sources of information - the media, computer networks.
Distinguishes fact from opinion in sources; validate sources' authority, credibility and possible bias.
Explains that different points of view have been influenced by race, religion and ethnicity.

Technology and Society